Total pollution effect of urban surface runoff

For pollution research with regard to urban surface runo , most sampling strategies to date have focused on di erences in land usage. With single land-use sampling, total surface runo pollution e ect cannot be evaluated unless every land usage spot is monitored. Through a new sampling strategy known as mixed stormwater sampling for a street community at discharge outlet adjacent to river, this study assessed the total urban surface runo pollution e ect caused by a variety of land uses and the pollutants washed o from the rain pipe system in the Futian River watershed in Shenzhen City of China. The water quality monitoring indices were COD (chemical oxygen demand), TSS (total suspend solid), TP (total phosphorus), TN (total nitrogen) and BOD (biochemical oxygen demand). The sums of total pollution loads discharged into the river for the four indices of COD, TSS, TN, and TP over all seven rainfall events were very di erent. The mathematical model for simulating total pollution loads was established from discharge outlet mixed stormwater sampling of total pollution loads on the basis of four parameters: rainfall intensity, total land area, impervious land area, and pervious land area. In order to treat surface runo pollution, the values of MFF30 (mass first flush ratio) and FF30 (first 30% of runo volume) can be considered as split-flow control criteria to obtain more e ective and economical design of structural BMPs (best management practices) facilities.     

Seasonal variation of potential denitrification rates of surface sediment from Meiliang Bay, Taihu Lake, China

The regulatory effects of environmental factors on denitrification were studied in the sediments of Meiliang Bay, Taihu Lake, in a monthly sampling campaign over a one-year period. Denitrification rates were measured in slurries of field samples and enrichment experiments using the acetylene inhibition technique. Sediment denitrification rates in inner bay and outer bay ranged from 2.8 to 51.5 nmol N2/(g dw (dry weight)·hr) and from 1.5 to 81.1 nmol N2/(g dw·hr), respectively. Sediment denitrification rates were greatest in the spring and lowest in the summer and early autumn, due primarily to seasonal differences in nitrate concentration and water temperature. For each site, positive and linear relationships were regularly observed between denitrification rate and water columnn itrate concentration. Of various environmental factors on denitrification that we assessed, nitrate was determined to be the key factor limiting denitrification rates in the sediments of Meiliang Bay. In addition, at the two sites denitrification rates were also regulated by temperature. The addition of organic substrates had no significant effect on denitrification rate, indicating that sediment denitrification was not limited by organic carbon availability in the sediments. Nitrate in the water column was depleted during summer and early autumn, and this suppressed effective removal of nitrogen from Taihu Lake by denitrification.     

几种复合载体材料固定化活性污泥的性能及在废水中的应用

制备了几种复合载体材料固定化活性污泥小球,比较了固定化活性污泥的性能及对废水COD的去除率。结果表明,固定化活性污泥比游离态的活性污泥对废水COD的去除率高,其中藻酸钠复合活性炭及壳聚糖复合硅藻土固定化活性污泥对废水COD的去除率较好,当取代度为1.54的羧甲基壳聚糖复合硅藻土固定化活性污泥,废水COD去除率最大4,8 h去除率可达61.2%。     

浅谈基层环境信访案例的成因及对策

针对当前环保信访工作中环境污染信访案例的特点,分析形成重复信访的原因,并结合工作实践,提出了解决基层重复信访的对策。     

塔里木荒漠河岸林植物群落演替下的土壤理化性质研究

选择塔里木荒漠河岸林内典型、有代表性的不同演替阶段的群落,对其土壤理化性质进行研究。结果表明：土壤理化性质在演替方向和土壤剖面上表现出较强的规律性。演替后、中期表层土壤（0～20 cm）粘粒质量分数比初期分别减少了1.28%、64.29%、土壤砂粒质量分数分别增加了3.08%、17.23%,土壤明显变粗沙化。群落演替能明显增大土壤容重与非毛管孔隙度,降低土壤总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、孔隙比、土壤水分质量分数、最大持水量、毛管持水量和最小持水量。演替后、中期表层土壤非毛管孔隙度比初期分别增大了33.78%、36.087%,土壤水分质量分数分别降低了85.57%、97.77%,演替后期最大持水量、毛管持水量分别比初期降低了40.28%、9.27%,导致土壤固相率减小,气相率增大,土壤持水供水能力与抗风蚀性能减弱。土壤有机质、全氮与碱解氮、全磷与速效磷、全钾与速效钾、盐分质量分数随群落演替呈降低趋势。演替后期表层土壤有机质、碱解氮、全磷与速效钾质量分数分别比初期降低了38.68%、60.71%、23.58%、66.93%,其土壤理化性质退化最显著。地下水位下降是引起荒漠河岸林植物群落逆向演替的驱动力。当前随人类干扰强度增强（水土资源开发）,塔里木荒漠河岸林土壤结构与土壤生态功能随之受到破坏与衰退,而保持合理的生态水位则是维持荒漠河岸林生态系统稳定的有效途径。     

高炉干法除尘系统噪声控制技术

高炉干法除尘系统主要噪声源为煤气调压阀组。在煤气调压阀组下游加装带整流栅的消声器,解决了此类消声器易被吹坏的问题,振动也得到缓解。另外采用隔声罩和局部包扎,可控制噪声。此项技术在鞍钢鲅鱼圈等厂应用,消声器下游噪声降至90 dB以下。经过进一步开发,研制成功了新型高炉煤气调压阀组与降噪减振成套装置,可在不加隔声罩的情况下,使噪声达到国家标准。     

太阳能干燥污泥的中试研究

设计出一种以热水为干燥介质的整体式太阳能干燥的中试系统,主要研究不同厚度的剩余污泥在不同季节的干燥情况。试验结果表明:夏季湿污泥的含水率从88%降到40%需要6～14 d,w(VSS)/w(TSS)从79%降到69%;梅雨季节含水率从91%降到40%需要9～26 d,w(VSS)/w(TSS)从58%降到46%;春季含水率从88%降到40%需要7～17 d,w(VSS)/w(TSS)从79%降到57%;秋季含水率从88%降到40%需要7～19 d,w(VSS)/w(TSS)从53%降到49%。夏季时最不利干燥厚度为0.29 m,梅雨季节为0.53 m,春季为0.26 m,秋季为0.31 m;在此基础上,与常用的转盘式干燥器相比,这种太阳能干燥装置能收到很好的经济和环境效益。     

微囊藻毒素及其与其他环境污染物的联合毒性研究进展

微囊藻毒素(microcystins,MCs)是一种蓝藻代谢产物,在全球富营养淡水生态系统中广泛分布,高浓度的MCs不仅对水生生物造成负面影响,还会与水体中共存污染物发生相互作用,影响彼此在生物体内转化代谢和毒性效应.因此,开展MCs与多种环境污染物的复合污染对不同生物的毒性研究十分必要,其对水体复合污染风险评价和防控有着重要的意义.笔者综述了 MCs在全球水体中的分布情况,并介绍了 MCs与水体中其他典型污染物联合暴露时对不同生物的毒性作用,最后针对目前相关研究的不足进行了分析并提出几点展望.     

中国地表水环境中药物与个人护理品生态风险评价的研究进展

药物与个人护理品(pharmaceuticals and personal care products,PPCPs)作为一类与人们生产生活联系最为紧密的新型污染物在水环境中广泛检出,PPCPs在水环境中能够痕量存在,并在生物体内富集转化,对水生生态系统产生潜在的不利影响,其对水环境安全构成的潜在风险受到普遍关注.本文主要综述了我国地表水环境中PPCPs对生态环境的影响及生态风险评价的方法,分析了我国对水环境中PPCPs研究中存在的不足,提出了应对PPCPs风险评价的对策及建议.     

水稻对5种重金属累积特征及食用安全研究

为探究土壤中重金属污染对水稻食用安全性的影响,以上海市青浦区现代农业园区水稻和染毒土壤为试验材料,采用温室盆栽土培试验方法研究了镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)、镍(Ni)、铬(Cr)和汞(Hg)5种土壤重金属在不同含量梯度下水稻生物量变化以及水稻籽粒部分累积特征,并基于《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》(GB 2762-2017)和靶标危害指数法(target hazard quotient,THQ)分析了土壤中5种重金属的安全阈值.研究结果表明,Cd、Hg和Cr对水稻地上部分生物量影响表现为"低促高抑"规律,Ni对水稻生物量影响不明显,随着Pb浓度升高,水稻生物量逐渐下降;水稻籽粒对5种重金属富集能力排序为Ni＞Cr＞Cd＞Pb＞Hg,水稻植株部分对5种重金属的富集量大于籽粒部分,富集趋势与籽粒部分相一致,植株部分含量约为籽粒部分的2倍～8倍,水稻籽粒中Cd、Pb、Ni、Cr和Hg含量与土壤中对应重金属含量呈显著正相关线性关系(P＜0.01);依据《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》(GB 2762-2017)中谷物食用安全限量值以及靶标危害指数法,推导出污染区域土壤中各重金属安全阈值为:Cd 0.51 mg·kg-1、Pb 330.33 mg·kg-1、Ni 131.00 mg·kg-1、Cr 231.67 mg·kg-1、Hg 0.93 mg·kg-1.